The Bantu languages are in some sense remarkably uniform (SVO basic word order, noun classes, verbal morphology), but this extensive language family also show a wealth of morphosyntactic variation. Two core areas in which such variation is attested are subject and object agreement. The book explores the variation in Bantu subject and object marking on the basis of data from 75 Bantu languages, discovering striking patterns (the RANDOM and the AWSOM correlation), and providing a novel syntactic analysis. This analysis takes into account not just phi agreement, but also nominal licensing and information structure. A Person feature, associated with animacy, definiteness, or givenness, is shown to be responsible for differential object agreement, while at the same time accounting for doubling vs. non-doubling object marking – a hybrid solution to an age-old debate in Bantu comparative morphosyntax. It is furthermore proposed that low functional heads can Case-license flexibly downwards or upwards, depending on the relative topicality of the two arguments involved. This accounts for the properties of symmetric object marking in ditransitives (for Appl), and subject inversion constructions (for v). By keeping Agree constant and systematically determining which featural parameters are responsible for the attested variation, the proposed analysis argues for an emergentist view of features and parameters (following Biberauer 2018, 2019), and against both Strong Uniformity and Strong Modularity.

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A Grammar of Akajeru describes aspects of the grammatical system and lexicon of Akajeru, a traditional dialect of the North Andamanese language, as it was reportedly used around the beginning of the twentieth century. It is based primarily on the fragments of this variety provided by the British anthropologist Alfred R. Radcliffe-Brown and scattered among the published results of his anthropological research carried out on the islands between 1906 and 1908. These are supplemented by published lists of 46 anatomical terms and 28 toponyms collected by Edward Horace Man, Officer in Charge of the Andamanese 1875–79. The book provides a linguistic analysis of all the extant Akajeru material, plus items identified by Radcliffe-Brown as ‘North Andaman’ without further specification, his few records of Akabo and Akakhora and Man’s few records of Akakhora, which together constitute all the documentation of these other traditional North Andamanese dialects. It includes a grammatical sketch of Akajeru, a list of all the words that were recorded, together with an English-Akajeru finder list, and a comparison between Akajeru and Present-day Andamanese, an Akajeru-based variety with elements from all the other traditional dialects of North Andamanese that is today remembered by only three people.

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Balochi is an Iranian language spoken in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, the Gulf States (particularly Oman and the United Arab Emirates), Turkmenistan, India, and East Africa. Informal estimates suggest that no less than 10 million people speak the language. It can be divided into three main dialect blocks, Western, Southern and Eastern Balochi. Ever since the mid-20th century, there have been attempts to create a unified orthography for Balochi. The development of written Balochi has mainly taken place in Pakistan, where there have been advocates of both the Arabic and Latin scripts. Most literature, of course, has been written in Arabic script, but even here diverging systems have been used. In 2012, at the initiative of Uppsala University, the University of Balochistan and the Balochi Academy, Quetta, as well as a number of Baloch authors and literary societies, a programme was launched with the purpose of working towards the standardization of Balochi orthography and grammar. At an orthography conference held in Uppsala in 2014, the participants decided to work on two parallel orthographies, one based on the Arabic script and one on the Latin script. In 2016, a grammar conference was held, at which some of the areas of grammatical variation in Balochi were discussed and suggestions were made about what forms to include in the standard written Balochi language. In order to create and promote a standard Balochi language, it is important to include as many intellectuals as possible in the process, in order to gain a consensus for the suggested standard language. This description of Modern Standard Balochi orthography, phonology, morphology, syntax and word-formation is based on discussions held at the conferences and on further input from a number of renowned Baloch writers and linguists.

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Pite Saami is a highly endangered Western Saami language in the Uralic language family currently spoken by a few individuals in Swedish Lapland. This grammar is the first extensive book-length treatment of a Saami language written in English. While focussing on the morphophonology of the main word classes nouns, adjectives and verbs, it also deals with other linguistic structures such as prosody, phonology, phrase types and clauses. Furthermore, it provides an introduction to the language and its speakers, and an outline of a preliminary Pite Saami orthography. An extensive annotated spoken-language corpus collected over the course of five years forms the empirical foundation for this description, and each example includes a specific reference to the corpus in order to facilitate verification of claims made on the data. Descriptions are presented for a general linguistics audience and without attempting to support a specific theoretical approach, but this book should be equally useful for scholars of Uralic linguistics, typologists, and even learners of Pite Saami

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As spoken by Bunny Naburula, Danny Cooper, Dick Foster, Donald Graham, Doris Kelly, Elizabeth Johnson, George Brown, Gladys Brown, Jack Walker, Jessie Cooper, Jimmy Newcastle, Julie Kelly, Lofty Japaljarri, Louie Martin, May Foster, Norah Graham, Penny Kelly, Penny Williams, Selina Grant, Susannah Nelson, Topsy Walker, Toprail Japaljarri and William Graham. This volume is a descriptive analysis of Warlmanpa, a highly endangered language traditionally spoken northwest of the town of Tennant Creek, where most of the remaining speakers now live. This grammatical description is based on language work carried out by community members and linguists since 1952, and is the first published reference grammar of the language. The major areas of analysis include phonetics, phonology, morphology, and syntax. This volume also provides description of typologically notable features, including: a two-way stop contrast at each place of articulation; a complex second-position auxiliary system containing participant and tense/mood/aspect information; associated motion; and a lack of evidence for noun phrases. This volume lays the foundation for future Warlmanpa language work.

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The book explores the semantic and morphosyntactic representation of affectedness in transitive predicates. It provides a first in-depth investigation of how the properties of undergoing change, functioning as a path to change, and resultativity determine Differential Object Marking in Turkish. On the basis of the findings, affectedness in the lexical syntactic structure is linked to differential accusative marking of direct objects.

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African languages cover more than one fourth of the world’s languages, but still have been underrepresented in linguistic theories. The volume intends to fill this gap and addresses aspects of the syntax-semantics-pragmatics interface of African languages from a Role & Reference Grammar perspective. Accordingly, distinctive linguistic phenomena of iziZulu, Gĩkũyũ, Igbo, Babungo, Emai and other African languages are discussed in the contributions.

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Agreement is a pervasive phenomenon across natural languages. Depending on one’s definition of what constitutes agreement, it is either found in virtually every natural language that we know of, or it is at least found in a great many. Either way, it seems to be a core part of the system that underpins our syntactic knowledge. Since the introduction of the operation of Agree in Chomsky (2000), agreement phenomena and the mechanism that underlies agreement have garnered a lot of attention in the Minimalist literature and have received different theoretical treatments at different stages. Since then, many different phenomena involving dependencies between elements in syntax, including movement or not, have been accounted for using Agree. The mechanism of Agree thus provides a powerful tool to model dependencies between syntactic elements far beyond φ-feature agreement. The articles collected in this volume further explore these topics and contribute to the ongoing debates surrounding agreement. The authors gathered in this book are internationally reknown experts in the field of Agreement.

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An argument that agreement and agreementless languages are unified under an expanded view of grammatical features including both phi-features and certain discourse configurational features. Much attention in theoretical linguistics in the generative and Minimalist traditions is concerned with issues directly or indirectly related to movement. The EPP (extended projection principle), introduced by Chomsky in 1981, appeared to coincide with morphological agreement, and agreement came to play a central role as the driver of movement and other narrow-syntax operations. In this book, Shigeru Miyagawa continues his investigation into a computational equivalent for agreement in agreementless languages such as Japanese. Miyagawa extends his theory of Strong Uniformity, introduced in his earlier book, Why Agree? Why Move? Unifying Agreement-Based and Discourse-Configurational Languages (MIT Press). He argues that agreement and agreementless languages are unified under an expanded view of grammatical features including both phi-features and discourse configurational features of topic and focus. He looks at various combinations of these two grammatical features across a number of languages and phenomena, including allocutive agreement, root phenomena, topicalization, “why” questions, and case alternation.

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Bausteine einer Korpusgrammatik des Deutschen (“Building blocks towards a corpus grammar of German”) is a series presenting corpus linguistic studies on German grammar conducted at the Leibniz Institute for the German Language in Mannheim (IDS). Using state-of-the-art corpus linguistic methodology, the series aims to capture the diversity and variability of German grammar at a high resolution. At the same time, it aims to ensure the study results are verifiable. Issue by issue, the series will add “building blocks” for a new, consistently corpus-based grammar of German. In addition to the peer-reviewed texts, which are written in the style of grammar chapters, the series publishes the results of statistical analyses and, for selected topics, the underlying data sets.

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Bausteine einer Korpusgrammatik des Deutschen (“Building blocks towards a corpus grammar of German”) is a series presenting corpus linguistic studies on German grammar conducted at the Leibniz Institute for the German Language in Mannheim (IDS). Using state-of-the-art corpus linguistic methodology, the series aims to capture the diversity and variability of German grammar at a high resolution. At the same time, it aims to ensure the study results are verifiable. Issue by issue, the series will add “building blocks” for a new, consistently corpus-based grammar of German. In addition to the peer-reviewed texts, which are written in the style of grammar chapters, the series publishes the results of statistical analyses and, for selected topics, the underlying data sets.

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An argument that children are born to assign structures to their ambient language, yielding a view of language variation not based on parameters defined at UG. In this book, David Lightfoot argues that just as some birds are born to chirp, humans are born to parse—predisposed to assign linguistic structures to their ambient external language. This approach to language acquisition makes two contributions to the development of Minimalist thinking. First, it minimizes grammatical theory, dispensing with three major entities: parameters; an evaluation metric for the selection of grammars; and any independent parsing mechanism. Instead, Lightfoot argues, children parse their ambient external language using their internal language. Universal Grammar is “open,” consistent with what children learn through parsing with their internal language system. Second, this understanding of language acquisition yields a new view of variable properties in language—properties that occur only in certain languages. Under the open UG vision, very specific language particularities arise in response to new parses. Both external and internal languages play crucial, interacting roles: unstructured, amorphous external language is parsed and an internal language system results. Lightfoot explores case studies that show such innovative parses of external language in the history of English: development of modal verbs, loss of verb movement, and nineteenth-century changes in the syntax of the verb to be. He then discusses how children learn through parsing; the role of parsing at the syntactic structure's interface with the externalization system and logical form; language change; and variable properties seen through the lens of an open UG.

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Many descriptive grammars report the use of a linguistic pattern at the interface between discourse and syntax which is known generally as tail-head linkage. This volume takes an unprecedented look at this type of linkage across languages and shows that there exist three distinct variants, all subsumed under the hypernym bridging constructions. The chapters highlight the defining features of these constructions in the grammar and their functional properties in discourse. The volume reveals that: Bridging constructions consist of two clauses: a reference clause and a bridging clause. Across languages, bridging clauses can be subordinated clauses, reduced main clauses, or main clauses with continuation prosody. Bridging constructions have three variants: recapitulative linkage, summary linkage and mixed linkage. They differ in the formal makeup of the bridging clause.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Language Science Press 2018 - 2020

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Many descriptive grammars report the use of a linguistic pattern at the interface between discourse and syntax which is known generally as tail-head linkage. This volume takes an unprecedented look at this type of linkage across languages and shows that there exist three distinct variants, all subsumed under the hypernym bridging constructions. The chapters highlight the defining features of these constructions in the grammar and their functional properties in discourse. The volume reveals that: Bridging constructions consist of two clauses: a reference clause and a bridging clause. Across languages, bridging clauses can be subordinated clauses, reduced main clauses, or main clauses with continuation prosody. Bridging constructions have three variants: recapitulative linkage, summary linkage and mixed linkage. They differ in the formal makeup of the bridging clause.
This book is made open access as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Language Science Press 2018 - 2020

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The volume explores compounds and multi-word expressions and their interrelation regarding their status in lexicon and grammar in a variety of European languages, including a contrastive overview with a focus on German. It brings together insights from word-formation theory, phraseology and theory of grammar and aims to contribute to the understanding of the lexicon, both from a language-specific and cross-linguistic perspective.

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This monograph presents a view on grammaticalisation radically different from standard views centering around the cline of grammaticality. Grammar is seen as a complex sign system, and, as a consequence, grammatical change always comprises semantic change. What unites morphology, word order, constructional syntax and other grammatical subsystems is their paradigmatic organisation. The traditional concept of an inflexional paradigm is generalised as the structuring principle of grammar. Grammatical change involves paradigmatic restructuring, and in the process of grammatical change morphological, topological and constructional paradigms often connect to form complex paradigms. The book introduces the concept of connecting grammaticalisation to describe the formation, restructuring and dismantling of such complex paradigms. Drawing primarily on data from Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages, the book offers both a broad general discussion of theoretical issues and three case studies.

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This monograph presents a view on grammaticalisation radically different from standard views centering around the cline of grammaticality. Grammar is seen as a complex sign system, and, as a consequence, grammatical change always comprises semantic change. What unites morphology, word order, constructional syntax and other grammatical subsystems is their paradigmatic organisation. The traditional concept of an inflexional paradigm is generalised as the structuring principle of grammar. Grammatical change involves paradigmatic restructuring, and in the process of grammatical change morphological, topological and constructional paradigms often connect to form complex paradigms. The book introduces the concept of connecting grammaticalisation to describe the formation, restructuring and dismantling of such complex paradigms. Drawing primarily on data from Germanic, Romance and Slavic languages, the book offers both a broad general discussion of theoretical issues and three case studies.

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This Element gives an overview of the origin and the current state of the art of constructionist approaches, focusing, on the one hand, on basic concepts like the notion of “constructions†, while also offering an in-depth discussion of current research trends and open questions. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

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El objeto de estudio del presente volumen es la identificación y análisis de algunas de las incoherencias y contradicciones que recorren la fraseología del español, ya sea desde una perspectiva histórica, historiográfica, gramatical o lexicográfica. Sus doce contribuciones ofrecen una panorámica del tema desde diversas ópticas teórico-metodológicas.

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As much as scholars of Baltic Studies always claim independence for the languages and literature it involves, it is evident that the Baltic and Slavic languages and literature have been and still are in latent contact and exchange. The historical processes had led to interwoven but distinct cultural spheres `on the border.' Our interdisciplinary collection of essays follows several borderlines: Teresa Dalecka (University of Vilnius) discusses the Polish literature in Lithuania since 1990 and the environment that created it. Stephan Kessler (University of Greifswald) sketches a framework of narration and applies it to a story written by Maks Fraj who lives in Lithuania but is from Odessa by origin. Anna Stankeviča, Inna Dvorecka, and Jekaterina Gusakova (each from the University of Daugavpils) give an overview of Latvia's Russophone book market and analyse Vadim Vernik's formula fiction. Sergei Kruk (Stradiņš University in Rīga) discusses the Latvian concept of linguistic integration that roots in the romantic notions of social homogeneity and language as being a shibboleth for successful integration. Nicole Nau (University of Poznań) highlights four techniques for the integration of Slavic verbs and verbal derivational affixes into Latgalian, based on material from the 19th to the 21st century. Anastasija Kostiučenko (University of Greifswald), investigates how the concept of hybridity can be used to describe and better understand the language area and identity issues in Southeast Lithuania.

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Issues in Japanese Psycholinguistics from Comparative Perspectives is a two-volume collection of papers on two closely related topics in Japanese psycholinguistics. Volume 1, Cross-Linguistic Studies, compares Japanese and other languages, including well-studied languages such as English, as well as lesser-studied languages such as Kaqchikel.

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This comprehensive account of performance-based assessment of L2 lexical proficiency analyzes and compares two of the primary methods of evaluation used in the field and unpacks the ways in which they tap into different dimensions of one model of lexical competence and proficiency. This book builds on the latest research on performance-based assessment, which has most recently pointed to the application of more quantitative measures to L2 data, to systematically explore the qualitative method of using human raters in assessment exercises and the quantitative method of using automatic computation of statistical measures of lexis and phraseology. Supported by an up-to-date review of the existing literature, both approaches’ unique features are highlighted but also compared to one another to provide a holistic overview of performance-based assessment as it stands today at both the theoretical and empirical level. These findings are exemplified in a concluding chapter, which summarizes results from an empirical study looking at a range of lexical and phraseological features and human raters’ scores of over 150 essays written by both L2 learners of English and native speakers. Taken together, the volume challenges existing tendencies within the field which attempt to use one method to validate one another by demonstrating their capacity to indicate very different elements of lexical proficiency, thereby offering a means by which to better conceptualize performance-based assessment of L2 vocabulary in the future. This book will be of interest to students and researchers working in second language acquisition and applied linguistics research, particularly those interested in issues around assessment, vocabulary acquisition, and language proficiency.

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This comprehensive account of performance-based assessment of L2 lexical proficiency analyzes and compares two of the primary methods of evaluation used in the field and unpacks the ways in which they tap into different dimensions of one model of lexical competence and proficiency. This book builds on the latest research on performance-based assessment, which has most recently pointed to the application of more quantitative measures to L2 data, to systematically explore the qualitative method of using human raters in assessment exercises and the quantitative method of using automatic computation of statistical measures of lexis and phraseology. Supported by an up-to-date review of the existing literature, both approaches’ unique features are highlighted but also compared to one another to provide a holistic overview of performance-based assessment as it stands today at both the theoretical and empirical level. These findings are exemplified in a concluding chapter, which summarizes results from an empirical study looking at a range of lexical and phraseological features and human raters’ scores of over 150 essays written by both L2 learners of English and native speakers. Taken together, the volume challenges existing tendencies within the field which attempt to use one method to validate one another by demonstrating their capacity to indicate very different elements of lexical proficiency, thereby offering a means by which to better conceptualize performance-based assessment of L2 vocabulary in the future. This book will be of interest to students and researchers working in second language acquisition and applied linguistics research, particularly those interested in issues around assessment, vocabulary acquisition, and language proficiency. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a CC BY NC ND 4.0 license.

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Lesediagnostik bildet den Ausgangspunkt für schulische Leseförderung und Interventionsstudien der Leseforschung. Da die Verarbeitung der deutschen Schriftsprache jedoch vielfältige Anforderungen an Lesenlernende stellt, ist die Ermittlung von individuellen Leseständen eine Herausforderung für Lehrende und Forschende. In dem vorliegenden Buch wird vor diesem Hintergrund ein digitales Lesediagnoseverfahren entwickelt, das in der Lage ist, individuelle Unterschiede in der Verarbeitung der deutschen Schriftsprache bei Lesenlernenden sichtbar zu machen. Zunächst wird hierzu ein hierarchisches Modell des Wortlesens hergeleitet, das aufzeigt, welche Aspekte des Systems der Schriftsprache für die Diagnostik der hierarchieniedrigsten Lesefertigkeiten zu berücksichtigen sind. Das Modell dient dann als Grundlage für die Entwicklung von systematischen Leseitems, die in einer digitalen Browseranwendung eingesetzt werden. Berichtet werden abschließend erste Ergebnisse einer Pilotierung des Verfahrens.

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The Historical Dictionary of French Adjective-Adverbs (Dictionnaire historique de l’adjectif-adverbe) documents groups such as couper court which combine a verb and an adjective with adverbial function. The 2.600 entries are classified by alphabetical order, from abaisser bas to voter utile. The articles contain some 12.000 citations covering the whole history of French, from the Middle Ages to this day.

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This diachronous corpus study examines the grammaticalization of the French progressive verbal periphrasis être en train de + infinitive. It explores the semantic development of periphrasis and how the restrictions it is subject to have changed.

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In this volume, corpus-linguistic methods and spontaneous language data have been utilized to prove that the tense forms preterite and pluperfect have reestablished themselves in German Alemannic. The reason for this is the influence of standard language. The partial reversal of the disappearance of the preterite is not process of suppression rather, the four tenses praeterite, perfect, pluperfect and double perfect form a complementary system.

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Modern research in linguistics is increasingly reliant on digital infrastructure and information systems. This development began at the turn of the millennium and has since accelerated. The volume examines national and European infrastructure networks and the range of language resources in German linguistics that can be discovered, disclosed, and re-applied through digital infrastructure.

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This volume edited by Tabea Ihsane focuses on different aspects of the distribution, semantics, and internal structure of nominal constituents with a “partitive article” in its indefinite interpretation and of potentially corresponding bare nouns. It further deals with diachronic issues, such as grammaticalization and evolution in the use of “partitive articles”. The outcome is a snapshot of current research into “partitive articles” and the way they relate to bare nouns, in a cross-linguistic perspective and on new data: the research covers noteworthy data (fieldwork data and corpora) from Standard languages - like French and Italian, but also German - to dialectal and regional varieties, including endangered ones like Francoprovençal. Readership: All interested in the syntax-semantics interface of noun phrases with a “partitive article” and their corresponding bare nouns, as well as in diachronic issues, both in Romance and Germanic languages/dialects/varieties.

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The concept of frozenness has helped to shape recent lexicographic and phraseological research. The essays in this volume form a part of this current trend and examine discursive aspects of the problematics of frozenness and stability, including grammaticalization, lexicalization, and phraseology. Each essay explores phenomena of frozenness in discourse at the interface between pragmatics and morphology/syntax.

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This volume brings together twelve empirical studies on ditransitive constructions in Germanic languages and their varieties, past and present. Specifically, the volume includes contributions on a wide variety of Germanic languages, including English, Dutch, and German, but also Danish, Swedish, and Norwegian, as well as lesser-studied ones such as Faroese. While the first part of the volume focuses on diachronic aspects, the second part showcases a variety of synchronic aspects relating to ditransitive patterns. Methodologically, the volume covers both experimental and corpus-based studies. Questions addressed by the papers in the volume are, among others, issues like the cross-linguistic pervasiveness and cognitive reality of factors involved in the choice between different ditransitive constructions, or differences and similarities in the diachronic development of ditransitives. The volume’s broad scope and comparative perspective offers comprehensive insights into well-known phenomena and furthers our understanding of variation across languages of the same family.

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This book is a collection of contemporary essays and squibs exploring the mental representation of Spanish and other languages in the Romance family. Although largely formal in orientation, they incorporate experimental and corpus data to inform questions of synchronic and diachronic importance. As a whole, these contributions explore two areas of particular interest to linguistic theorizing. The first is linguistic interfaces with chapters on syntax-information structure, syntax-prosody, syntax-semantics, and lexicon-phonology. The second consists of explorations of noun phrases of all sizes—from clitics to nominalized clauses. The results and conclusions of these studies encourage researchers to continue to explore individual languages in particular in order to gain insight on human language in general. This edited volume in honor of Dr. Paula Kempchinsky is reflective of the diversity of approaches that inspired her teaching, research, and mentoring for over thirty years at the University of Iowa and beyond.

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This volume presents new approaches in Easy Language research from three different perspectives: text perspective, user perspective and translation perspective. It explores the field of comprehensibility-enhanced varieties at different levels (Easy Language, Plain Language, Easy Language Plus). While all are possible solutions to foster communicative inclusion of people with disabilities, they have varying impacts with regard to their comprehensibility and acceptability. The papers in this volume provide insights into the current scientific activities and results of two research teams at the Universities of Hildesheim and Mainz and present innovative theoretical and empirical perspectives on Easy Language research. The approaches comprise studies on the cognitive processing of Easy Language, on Easy Language in multimodal and multicodal texts and different situational settings as well as translatological considerations on Easy Language translation and interpreting.

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This book shows how accessible communication, and especially easy-to-understand languages, should be designed in order to become instruments of inclusion. It examines two well-established easy-to-understand varieties: Easy Language and Plain Language, and shows that they have complementary profiles with respect to four central qualities: comprehensibility, perceptibility, acceptability and stigmatisation potential. The book introduces Easy and Plain Language and provides an outline of their linguistic, sociological and legal profiles: What is the current legal framework of Easy and Plain Language? What do the texts look like? Who are the users? Which other groups are involved in the production and use of Easy and Plain Language offers? Which qualities are a hazard to acceptability and, thus, enhance their stigmatisation potential? The book also proposes another easy-to-understand variety: Easy Language Plus. This variety balances the four qualities and is modelled in the present book.

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The book offers a panchronic analysis of queísmo, one of the oldest variational phenomena in Spanish syntax, from the Classical era to this day. Within the framework of historical sociolinguistics and on the empirical basis of a broad corpus of texts close to the pole of immediacy, the study analyzes the factors that have determined this variation at various points in time.

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This volume is now finally available in English, sixty years after the death of its author, Lucien Tesnière. It has been translated from the French original into German, Spanish, Italian, and Russian, and now at long last into English as well. The volume contains a comprehensive approach to the syntax of natural languages, an approach that is foundational for an entire stream in the modern study of syntax and grammar. This stream is known today as dependency grammar (DG). Drawing examples from dozens of languages, many of which he was proficient in, Tesnière presents insightful analyses of numerous phenomena of syntax. Among the highlights are the concepts of valency and head-initial vs. head-final languages. These concepts are now taken for granted by most modern theories of syntax, even by phrase structure grammars, which represent, in a sense, the opposite sort of approach to syntax from what Tesnière was advocating.

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Because of their brevity and speed, text messages are often considered elliptical. This publication uses a Swiss German corpus of text messages to examine the validity of this assumption. It statistically analyzes pre-field and middle-field omissions as well as ellipsis of articles and prepositions. In addition, the authors examine whether newer technologies - such as the use of emojis in WhatsApp - influence elliptical structures.

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Unter dem Rahmenthema «Emotionen» fand am 15./16. April 2016 auf dem Campus Gotland der Universität Uppsala die 12. Arbeitstagung schwedischer Germanistinnen und Germanisten «Text im Kontext» statt. Der vorliegende Band versammelt ausgewählte Beiträge, die in ihrer Vielfalt ein aktuelles Bild der Forschungsansätze und -projekte der Germanistik in Schweden vermitteln. Das Spektrum der Beiträge reicht von der Digitalisierung von Stammbüchern aus fünf Jahrhunderten bis zur Analyse von Metonymien in den Medien, von Fragen des transkulturellen Erzählens bis zu neuen Formen der Literatur im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung. Eine Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs von metasprachlichem Wissen und Grammatikkenntnissen bei schwedischen Deutschschülern rundet den Band ab. Der Band belegt, dass der Begriff der «Emotionen» sich als geeigneter Ausgangspunkt für den Dialog von Literaturwissenschaft und Sprachwissenschaft erweist; als verbindende Elemente fungieren vor allem kulturwissenschaftliche Ansätze.

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This book examines the diverse prosody of compound nouns in Kansai Japanese, with a special focus on a class of compounds with particularly variable prosody, whose unique prosody is potentially endangered due to their structure and influence from Tokyo Japanese. These compounds serve as important evidence for recursion in prosodic structure in theories of the syntax-prosody interface, as they simultaneously resemble not only other compound words but also non-compound phrases, making them valuable test cases for compound prosodic structure. This book discusses potential reasons for these compounds' prosodic variabilty and what may condition their unique prosody, based on results from novel fieldwork. A unified account of compound prosody in Kansai and three other Japanese dialects is also presented.

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Der Sammelband widmet sich dem Einfluss des Englischen auf elf germanische, romanische und slawische Sprachen in Europa. Fachwissenschaftler, darunter engagierte Sprachpolitiker, stellen zwei Themen in den Mittelpunkt: (1) Art und Umfang der englischen Entlehnungen in ihrer Muttersprache und (2) die Rolle des Englischen als Unterrichtssprache in Schule und Hochschule ihres Landes. In den Beiträgen zum Deutschen, Niederländischen, Schwedischen, Dänischen und Isländischen werden die Verdrängung indigener Lexik und die Einbuße als Wissenschaftssprache vor allem sprachpolitisch bewertet. In den Beiträgen zum Französischen, Italienischen und Spanischen sowie zum Russischen, Polnischen und Tschechischen stehen die verschiedenen Wege der Integration englischer Lexik im Vordergrund. Die Beiträge vermitteln einen authentischen und fundierten Eindruck von der Anglizismen-Debatte in Europa. Sie fügen sich einerseits in die jeweiligen Fachdisziplinen der drei Sprachgruppen ein, sind aber zugleich ein Beitrag zur europäischen Linguistik. Die Herausgeber sind Hochschullehrer und Mitglieder des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats des Vereins Deutsche Sprache.

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The alignment splits in the Neo-Aramaic languages display a considerable degree of diversity, especially in terms of agreement. While earlier studies have generally oversimplified the actual state of affairs, Paul M. Noorlander offers a meticulous and clear account of nearly all microvariation documented so far, addressing all relevant morphosyntactic phenomena. By means of fully glossed and translated examples, the author shows that this vast variation in morphological alignment, including ergativity, is unexpected from a functional typological perspective. He argues the alignment splits are rather the outcome of several construction-specific processes such as internal system harmonization and grammaticalization, as well as language contact.. Readership: All interested in linguistics, especially language typology, syntax and morphology, and contact between languages of the Middle East, particularly Aramaic-Iranian. Examples are fully glossed and translated.

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In this book, Ljiljana Progovac proposes a gradualist, adaptationist approach to the evolution of syntax, subject to natural selection. She provides a specific framework for its study, combining the fields of evolutionary biology, theoretical syntax, typology, neuroscience, and genetics. The author pursues an internal reconstruction of the stages of grammar based on the syntactic theory associated with Chomskyan Minimalism and arrives at specific, testable hypotheses, which are then corroborated by an abundance of theoretically analysed 'living fossils' drawn from a variety of languages. Her approach demonstrates that these fossil structures do not just coexist alongside more modern structures, but are in fact built into the very foundation of more complex structures, leading to quirks and complexities that are suggestive of a gradualist evolutionary scenario. By reconstructing a particular path along which syntax evolved, Evolutionary Syntax sheds light on the crucial properties of language design itself, as well as on the major parameters of crosslinguistic variation. As a result, this reconstruction can be meaningfully correlated with both the hominin timeline and the ever-growing body of genetic evidence that is available.

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This volume provides the first ever large-scale comparative treatment of there sentences (there copula NP), reporting the results of a survey of Italo-Romance and Sardinian dialects of Italy. The volume comprises detailed discussions of focus structure, predication and argument realization, the definiteness effects, and the linking from semantics to syntax in there sentences, advancing novel proposals in each case. The testing of influential hypotheses on existential constructions against first-hand dialect evidence leads the book to argue that existential and locative there sentences differ in focus structure and semantics, although their not being predicate focus constructions and the non-canonicality of the predicate—which is typically referential—is reflected in their shared morphosyntactic features. The hypothesis that the pivot is the predicate of the existential construction is adopted in the analysis, although a distinction is drawn between referential and non-referential pivots, which explains variation in pivot behaviour in morphosyntax. The volume also provides the historical background of Romance there sentences, relying on the findings of the analysis of a substantial corpus of early Italo-Romance vernacular texts.

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This volume presents results of bilateral research project BeSyMPHONic (ÖAW/Univ. Toulouse) funded by ANR & FWF. Differences between the two languages with respect to the processing of morphonotactic (MPH) vs. phonotactic (PH) consonant clusters are shown for the first time, the linguistically challenging claim that differences between MPH and PH are also realized phonetically is refuted, and the importance of the relative morphological richness of a language is illustrated.

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This volume presents results of bilateral research project BeSyMPHONic (ÖAW/Univ. Toulouse) funded by ANR & FWF. Differences between the two languages with respect to the processing of morphonotactic (MPH) vs. phonotactic (PH) consonant clusters are shown for the first time, the linguistically challenging claim that differences between MPH and PH are also realized phonetically is refuted, and the importance of the relative morphological richness of a language is illustrated.

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This book explores aspects of language contact and linguistic typology. It focusses on various facets of language contact situations in Africa, Asia, North America, Australia and Europe. Typological inquiries and broader linguistic phenomena are examined. The contributions of this volume shed light on the complex processes underlying linguistic diversity while also evaluating terminological issues.

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Expressing Surprise at the Crossroads has as its aim to evaluate the impact of mirativity in Romance languages or –expressed differently– to determine how these languages apprehend surprise and related notions as linguistic devices. The different contributions included in the book point to revealing conclusions concerning the status of surprise in Romance as well as the place that mirativity occupies (if any) in the grammar of these languages.

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This volume aims to look into the spectrum of secondary predication, and provide solutions from formal theoretical perspectives for the issues surrounding its syntax and semantics that are raised by secondary predication constructions, both individually and as a package, aided by thorough investigation of the empirical facts of secondary predication in a variety of typologically unrelated languages.

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Das Buch thematisiert phraseologische Irregularitäten, also Phraseme, die strukturelle oder semantische Abweichungen gegenüber dem freien Sprachgebrauch aufweisen. Der Autor zeigt systematisch deren Vielfalt auf, wertet ihren tatsächlichen Gebrauch mithilfe von Korpusanalysen aus und reflektiert ihre Spezifika aus sprachnorm- und sprachwandeltheoretischer sowie konstruktionsgrammatischer Perspektive. Er kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass phraseologische Irregularitäten innerhalb der Phraseologie beziehungsweise der formelhaften Sprache keine Randstellung einnehmen. Ihr irregulärer Charakter muss daher aus verschiedenen Blickrichtungen relativiert werden.

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Traditionell sind Paradigmen vor allem Gegenstand der Morphologie. Als allgemeines Beschreibungskonzept lassen sie sich jedoch auf Grammatikbeschreibung im Allgemeinen übertragen. Derartige grammatische Paradigmen bilden die Grundlage einer konsequent funktionalen Beschreibung grammatischer Kategorien und deren Oppositions- und Relationsstrukturen. Anhand der Kategorie Modus des Deutschen wird dieses funktionale Beschreibungskonzept empirisch überprüft und weiterentwickelt. Das so entwickelte Konzept erlaubt es, grammatische Kategorien als Zielstrukturen von Grammatikalisierungsprozessen präzise – und basierend auf ihren inhärenten Relationsstrukturen – abzubilden.

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The issue of how interpretation results from the form and type of syntactic structures present in language is one which is central and hotly debated in both theoretical and descriptive linguistics. This volume brings together a series of eleven new cutting-edge essays by leading experts in East Asian languages which shows how the study of formal structures and functional morphemes in Chinese, Japanese and Korean adds much to our general understanding of the close connections between form and interpretation. This specially commissioned collection will be of interest to linguists of all backgrounds working in the general area of syntax and language change, as well as those with a special interest in Chinese, Japanese and Korean.

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Research on nonmanual elements – or ‘nonmanuals’ – in sign languages has focused on both the possible functions and the occurrence (frequency and form) of these elements in recent years. As a matter of fact, research on nonmanuals is still a quite uncharted territory in Austrian Sign Language (ÖGS) today, which has also initiated the study given. In order to identify head and body movements in ÖGS, these nonmanuals were determined and analyzed functionally via a new user-oriented methodology. Getting feedback of multiple native signers was a main part of this method. Accordingly, you will find the findings of this study in this volume: various functions such as negation, assertion, interrogativity, conditionality, and many more can be expressed nonmanually. Brand new insights into sign language research are given, as well as astonishing results: even (epistemic) modality can be expressed by particular head and body movements.

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The Ugric languages Mansi, Khanty and Hungarian form a branch of the Uralic language family which is mainly spread across North-Eastern Europe and Siberia. Other prominent languages of the Uralic family are e.g. Finnish, Saami and Estonian. The Ob-Ugric languages Mansi and Khanty are spoken in Western Siberia along the Ob’ river and its tributaries, thus they are referred to as Ob-Ugric. Their closest relative is Hungarian, spoken in Hungary and its neighboring countries. The status of the Khanty and Mansi languages is endangered: only 20% out of 8,000 ethnic Mansi and 30% out of 22,000 ethnic Khanty still speak their mother tongue, and there are nearly no monolingual speakers. In contrast, Hungarian is an official language of the European Union, spoken by about 15 million people. Hence, the status of literacy, language documentation and language education differs noticeably between Ob-Ugric and Hungarian. From a typological point of view, the Ugric languages are basically so-called SOV languages, their morphology is mainly agglutinative, i.e. grammatical information is rather encoded with suffixes which are attached to the stem instead of using prepositions, pronouns or articles. The most accessible referent in a discourse is not overtly realized on the surface of the sentence. Its position remains empty (zero-anaphora). This is also revealed in rich paradigms of personal suffixes which are used instead. One set of personal suffixes is attached to nominal stems and called possessive suffixes. They are involved in the structure of so-called attributive possessive constructions in most Uralic languages. As revealed in their denomination, research on possessive suffixes in Ugric languages, as in most Uralic languages, has primarily viewed them in the light of their function as markers of possessive relations, traditionally referred to as their prototypical use. The linguistic concept of possession seems to be universal. The notion of possession itself, though, is purely abstract and can only be understood as a »broader concept of association or relationship between two nouns«. While the definition is an abstract collective term, there is a broad consensus among linguists that certain prototypical meanings are covered by the concept of possession. These are: part-whole relations, kinship relations (both by blood and marriage), ownership relations as well as a fourth column covering all kinds of association in general (e.g. attribution, properties or orientation/location). The use of attributive possessive constructions is very frequent in most Uralic languages and, in a considerable amount of cases, a possessive reading of the relation is excluded, even in the most abstract interpretation of possession. Such cases, where the so-called prototypical use of possessive suffixes (i.e. denoting a possessive relation) fails to serve as an explanation, are frequently subsumed under the node of non-prototypical use and a secondary, non-possessive function is attributed to possessive suffixes. This secondary function is for instance likened to the properties of a definite article.

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The Ugric languages Mansi, Khanty and Hungarian form a branch of the Uralic language family which is mainly spread across North-Eastern Europe and Siberia. Other prominent languages of the Uralic family are e.g. Finnish, Saami and Estonian. The Ob-Ugric languages Mansi and Khanty are spoken in Western Siberia along the Ob’ river and its tributaries, thus they are referred to as Ob-Ugric. Their closest relative is Hungarian, spoken in Hungary and its neighboring countries. The status of the Khanty and Mansi languages is endangered: only 20% out of 8,000 ethnic Mansi and 30% out of 22,000 ethnic Khanty still speak their mother tongue, and there are nearly no monolingual speakers. In contrast, Hungarian is an official language of the European Union, spoken by about 15 million people. Hence, the status of literacy, language documentation and language education differs noticeably between Ob-Ugric and Hungarian. From a typological point of view, the Ugric languages are basically so-called SOV languages, their morphology is mainly agglutinative, i.e. grammatical information is rather encoded with suffixes which are attached to the stem instead of using prepositions, pronouns or articles. The most accessible referent in a discourse is not overtly realized on the surface of the sentence. Its position remains empty (zero-anaphora). This is also revealed in rich paradigms of personal suffixes which are used instead. One set of personal suffixes is attached to nominal stems and called possessive suffixes. They are involved in the structure of so-called attributive possessive constructions in most Uralic languages. As revealed in their denomination, research on possessive suffixes in Ugric languages, as in most Uralic languages, has primarily viewed them in the light of their function as markers of possessive relations, traditionally referred to as their prototypical use. The linguistic concept of possession seems to be universal. The notion of possession itself, though, is purely abstract and can only be understood as a »broader concept of association or relationship between two nouns«. While the definition is an abstract collective term, there is a broad consensus among linguists that certain prototypical meanings are covered by the concept of possession. These are: part-whole relations, kinship relations (both by blood and marriage), ownership relations as well as a fourth column covering all kinds of association in general (e.g. attribution, properties or orientation/location). The use of attributive possessive constructions is very frequent in most Uralic languages and, in a considerable amount of cases, a possessive reading of the relation is excluded, even in the most abstract interpretation of possession. Such cases, where the so-called prototypical use of possessive suffixes (i.e. denoting a possessive relation) fails to serve as an explanation, are frequently subsumed under the node of non-prototypical use and a secondary, non-possessive function is attributed to possessive suffixes. This secondary function is for instance likened to the properties of a definite article.

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The Ugric languages Mansi, Khanty and Hungarian form a branch of the Uralic language family which is mainly spread across North-Eastern Europe and Siberia. Other prominent languages of the Uralic family are e.g. Finnish, Saami and Estonian. The Ob-Ugric languages Mansi and Khanty are spoken in Western Siberia along the Ob’ river and its tributaries, thus they are referred to as Ob-Ugric. Their closest relative is Hungarian, spoken in Hungary and its neighboring countries. The status of the Khanty and Mansi languages is endangered: only 20% out of 8,000 ethnic Mansi and 30% out of 22,000 ethnic Khanty still speak their mother tongue, and there are nearly no monolingual speakers. In contrast, Hungarian is an official language of the European Union, spoken by about 15 million people. Hence, the status of literacy, language documentation and language education differs noticeably between Ob-Ugric and Hungarian. From a typological point of view, the Ugric languages are basically so-called SOV languages, their morphology is mainly agglutinative, i.e. grammatical information is rather encoded with suffixes which are attached to the stem instead of using prepositions, pronouns or articles. The most accessible referent in a discourse is not overtly realized on the surface of the sentence. Its position remains empty (zero-anaphora). This is also revealed in rich paradigms of personal suffixes which are used instead. One set of personal suffixes is attached to nominal stems and called possessive suffixes. They are involved in the structure of so-called attributive possessive constructions in most Uralic languages. As revealed in their denomination, research on possessive suffixes in Ugric languages, as in most Uralic languages, has primarily viewed them in the light of their function as markers of possessive relations, traditionally referred to as their prototypical use. The linguistic concept of possession seems to be universal. The notion of possession itself, though, is purely abstract and can only be understood as a »broader concept of association or relationship between two nouns«. While the definition is an abstract collective term, there is a broad consensus among linguists that certain prototypical meanings are covered by the concept of possession. These are: part-whole relations, kinship relations (both by blood and marriage), ownership relations as well as a fourth column covering all kinds of association in general (e.g. attribution, properties or orientation/location). The use of attributive possessive constructions is very frequent in most Uralic languages and, in a considerable amount of cases, a possessive reading of the relation is excluded, even in the most abstract interpretation of possession. Such cases, where the so-called prototypical use of possessive suffixes (i.e. denoting a possessive relation) fails to serve as an explanation, are frequently subsumed under the node of non-prototypical use and a secondary, non-possessive function is attributed to possessive suffixes. This secondary function is for instance likened to the properties of a definite article.

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This study suggests a new definition of the highly disputed class of noun-verb combinations. The new approach offered here does not begin, as before, with the verb, but rather, examines the semantic and pragmatic properties of the noun-verb construction as a whole. Another important aim is to explain the status of noun-verb combinations in the transitional realm between lexicon and grammar, and between regularity and irregularity.

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This is the first of two volumes that provide a textual edition of the linguistic works of the Swedish Renaissance polymath Georg Stiernhielm (1598–1672). On the basis of his unpublished manuscripts, the majority of Stiernhielm’s writings on phonology, morphology, semiotics, sound symbolism and the variability of language are here published for the first time. The texts edited show how, in his linguistic theory, he starts from the smallest phonological and morphological building blocks, continues with their semiotic and phonosemantic functions and concludes with the variability and transformability of parts of speech (or word classes), of clause elements, and of the discourse or text itself as the supreme unit. The edition is preceded by an introduction to Stiernhielm’s impressive linguistic edifice. The biographical chapter accounts for the course of his life and elucidates how his linguistic thought is linked with his educational journey in Europe (1614–1624), his connections with the Swedish antiquarian Johannes Bureus (for a period of over twenty years, circa 1624–1652) and his acquaintance with prominent Dutch linguists and historians of his own time. The next chapter surveys his scholarly and scientific authorship in unpublished and published writings, taking his archive and his catalogues of planned writings as points of departure. The two subsequent chapters first explain various topics and contexts of Stiernhielm’s linguistic thought and then explore the foundations of his phonology, morphology, phonosemantic and grammatical-rhetorical theory of linguistic variability. The last introductory chapter accounts for the manuscripts and the editorial principles employed.

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This is the second of two volumes that provide a textual edition of the linguistic writings of the Swedish polymath Georg Stiernhielm (1598–1672). On the basis of his unpublished manuscripts and early prints, this volume presents a textual edition of his writings on etymology (Chapters 7–9), on historical and comparative linguistics (Chapters 10–13) and on a programme for the renewal of the Swedish language (Chapters 16–17) as preserved in unpublished manuscripts and some prints. Moreover, a record of the public dispute between Stiernhielm and Terserus is edited (Chapter 14), as is also Stiernhielm’s autograph catalogue of his holdings of linguistic literature and source texts, viz. dictionaries, textual samples and treatises for research on language origins (Chapter 15). The textual edition is preceded by an introduction to the political and cultural contexts of Stiernhielm’s linguistic theories on these topics, as well as to the early development of historical-comparative language studies, to Stiernhielm’s achievements of in this field of study, and finally to his unpublished etymological, universal and bilingual lexicography. The textual edition is followed by a reception study on Stiernhielm as a historical linguist and language renewer.

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This work provides the first detailed linguistic description of the grammar of Etulo, a language spoken in Nigeria by a minority group in Benue and Taraba states. This description establishes Etulo as a tone language characterised by a predominant SVO word order, non-inflectional morphology, prominent aspectual values, obligatory complement verbs and verb serialization, among other features. This grammar also serves as a foundation for further description of the Etulo grammar and for the development of pedagogical materials needed in Etulo language teaching. Within the Benue-Congo sub group of languages, Etulo is classified as an Idomoid language alongside seven other languages with which it shares striking linguistic similarities. These include Idoma, Igede, Yatye, Alago, Akweya, Akpa, and Eloyi, none of which has yet received a robust linguistic description in the form of a grammar. This work therefore serves as a reference work not only for Etulo, but also for other Idomoid languages yet to be described. This volume will be of interest to researchers of African linguistics in general and Idomoid languages in particular, as well as Africanists, comparative linguists and language typologists more generally.

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The volume takes stock of grammatical theory and empiricism in Germanic linguistics, presenting critical discussions of issues related to paradigms, methods, and objectives. The essays cover themes such as descriptive completeness and grammatical modeling that have shaped recent discourse in the field. They also shed light on lacunae, thus opening up new research perspectives in the discipline.

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The Handbook of Easy Languages in Europe describes what Easy Language is and how it is used in European countries. It demonstrates the great diversity of actors, instruments and outcomes related to Easy Language throughout Europe. All people, despite their limitations, have an equal right to information, inclusion, and social participation. This results in requirements for understandable language. The notion of Easy Language refers to modified forms of standard languages that aim to facilitate reading and language comprehension. This handbook describes the historical background, the principles and the practices of Easy Language in 21 European countries. Its topics include terminological definitions, legal status, stakeholders, target groups, guidelines, practical outcomes, education, research, and a reflection on future perspectives related to Easy Language in each country. Written in an academic yet interesting and understandable style, this Handbook of Easy Languages in Europe aims to find a wide audience.

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Barrier-free communication includes all measures to reduce obstacles to communication in various situations and fields of action. Due to disabilities, illnesses, different educational opportunities or drastic life events, people have very different needs in terms of how texts or communications must be prepared for them in order to meet their individual requirements and access prerequisites. In this handbook, the topic of accessible communication is examined in interdisciplinary breadth and critically reflected upon. Current findings, proposed solutions and desiderata from research are juxtaposed with reports from practitioners and users who provide insights into how they deal with accessible communication and highlight current and future requirements and problems. Christiane Maaß, University of Hildesheim, is Professor of Media Linguistics at the Institute for Translation Studies and Specialised Communication and Head of the Research Centre for Easy Language. Isabel Rink, University of Hildesheim, is managing director of the Research Centre for Easy Language, programme coordinator of the Master's programme in Accessible Communication and a lecturer at the Institute for Translation Studies and Specialised Communication.

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